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Biscriptality

A sociolinguistic typology

Bunčić, Daniel

Herausgeber: Bunčić, Daniel | Lippert, Sandra L. | Rabus, Achim | Antipova, Anastasia | Brandt, Carmen | Kislova, Ekaterina | Klöter, Henning | Lieven, Alexandra von | Pasch, Helma | Spitzmüller, Jürgen | Weth, Constanze

Akademiekonferenzen, Bd. 24

2016

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Bibliografische Daten

Abstract

Serbs write their Language in Cyrillic or Latin letters in seemingly random distribution. Hindi-Urdu is written in Nāgarī by Hindus and in the Arabic script by Muslims. In medieval Scandinavia the Latin alphabet, ink and parchment were used for texts ‘for eternity’, whereas ephemeral messages were carved into wood in runes. The Occitan Language has two competing orthographies. German texts were Set either in blackletter or in roman type between 1749 and 1941. In Ancient Egypt the distribution of hieroglyphs, hieratic and demotic was much more complex than commonly assumed. Chinese is written with traditional and simplified characters in different countries. This collective monograph, which includes contributions from eleven specialists in different philological areas, for the first time develops a coherent typological model on the basis of sociolinguistic and graphematic criteria to describe and classify these and many other linguistic situations in which two or more writing systems are used simultaneously for one and the same Language.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

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Cover C
Title Page 3
Copyright 4
Contents 9
Foreword by Daniel Bunčić 5
1. Introduction (D. Bunčić) 15
1.1. Scope of this study 15
1.2. Notes on terminology and conventions 20
1.2.1. Basic concepts 20
1.2.2. Script variants 22
1.2.3. Names for writing 24
1.2.4. Representation 25
2. History of theoretical research on biscriptality (D. Bunčić) 27
2.1. The context: Sociolinguistics of writing 27
2.2. Concepts of biscriptality before the advent of sociolinguistics 30
2.2.1. Biscriptal documents 30
2.2.1.1. Greek philology: digraphic 30
2.2.1.2. Numismatics: biscriptu(r)al 32
2.2.1.3. Ancient American and Asian studies: bigraphic 33
2.2.2. Biscriptal languages 35
2.3. Sociolinguistic concepts of biscriptality 36
2.3.1. Concepts modelled on diglossia 36
2.3.2. Concepts independent of diglossia 46
2.3.3. Rare meetings of both traditions 49
2.3.4. The state of the art 50
3. A heuristic model for typology (D. Bunčić) 51
3.1. Definition of biscriptality 51
3.2. The sociolinguistic axis: opposition type 54
3.2.1. Privative opposition 56
3.2.2. Equipollent opposition 59
3.2.3. Diasituative variation 60
3.2.4. Summary 62
3.3. The graphematic axis: system level 63
3.4. Synopsis 66
3.5. Adjacent phenomena excluded from the model 68
3.5.1. Biliteracy 68
3.5.2. Complex writing systems and graphic code-switching 69
4. Case studies 73
4.1. Digraphia 74
4.1.1. Medieval Scandinavia: diamesic digraphia (D. Bunčić) 74
4.1.2. Early medieval Ireland: medial digraphia (D. Bunčić) 76
4.1.3. Luvian: medial, diaphasic and/or diastratic digraphia (D. Bunčić) 78
4.1.4. Poljica: diaphasic digraphia (D. Bunčić) 82
4.1.5. Xiangnan Tuhua: gender-based digraphia? (D. Bunčić) 88
4.1.6. Chinese: emerging digraphia? (D. Bunčić) 92
4.1.7. Other cases of digraphia (D. Bunčić) 96
4.2. Diglyphia 102
4.2.1. Russian diaphasic diglyphia (D. Bunčić, E. Kislova, A. Rabus) 102
4.2.1.1. The introduction of civil type 102
4.2.1.2. The distribution of Old Cyrillic and civil type 107
4.2.1.3. The development in handwriting 116
4.2.1.4. Orthographic differences between Old Cyrillic and civil type 118
4.2.2. Japanese men’s and women’s hands: diastratic diglyphia (D. Bunčić) 122
4.2.3. Other cases of diglyphia (D. Bunčić) 124
4.3. Diorthographia 129
4.3.1. Thirteenth-century Novgorod: medial diorthographia (D. Bunčić) 129
4.3.1.1. Medieval Novgorod and its orthographies 129
4.3.1.2. The two orthographies 131
4.3.1.3. Chronology of the vernacular orthography 134
4.3.1.4. The distribution of the two orthographies in the 13th century 134
4.3.2. Czech (16th-18th centuries): diamesic diorthographia (D. Bunčić) 140
4.3.3. Other cases of diorthographia (D. Bunčić) 143
4.4. Scriptal pluricentricity 149
4.4.1. Hindi-Urdu (C. Brandt) 149
4.4.1.1. Historical background 149
4.4.1.2. Present situation 154
4.4.1.3. Conclusion 157
4.4.2. Catholic and Orthodox Belarusian (A. Antipova, D. Bunčić) 158
4.4.2.1. The Belarusian Latin alphabet before 1905 158
4.4.2.2. Belarusian scriptal pluricentricity 160
4.4.2.3. Biscriptality between 1941 and 1944 165
4.4.3. Serbo-Croatian as a scriptally pluricentric language (D. Bunčić) 167
4.4.3.1. Croatia from the 11th to the 19th century 167
4.4.3.2. Bosnia and Herzegovina in the long 19th century 173
4.4.3.3. Yugoslavia since 1918 177
4.4.4. Manding and other cases of Ajami literacy in Africa (H. Pasch) 180
4.4.5. Late Egyptian during the 26th dynasty (S. Lippert) 183
4.4.5.1. The development of demotic out of hieratic in its historical context 183
4.4.5.2. The spread of demotic from north to south 185
4.4.6. Other cases of scriptal pluricentricity (D. Bunčić) 186
4.4.6.1. Confessional pluricentricity 187
4.4.6.2. Diatopic pluricentricity 193
4.5. Glyphic pluricentricity 198
4.5.1. Orthodox, Muslim and Catholic Cyrillic in Bosnia (D. Bunčić) 198
4.5.2. Medieval Latin (D. Bunčić) 200
4.5.3. Other cases of glyphic pluricentricity (D. Bunčić) 202
4.6. Orthographic pluricentricity 204
4.6.1. Simplified and traditional Chinese (H. Klöter, D. Bunčić) 204
4.6.1.1. Overview 204
4.6.1.2. Two orthographies or glyphic variation 206
4.6.2. Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin and Serbian spelling (D. Bunčić) 209
4.6.2.1. Croatian orthographies before standardization 209
4.6.2.2. Modern Croatian and Serbian 210
4.6.2.3. Bosnian and Montenegrin 212
4.6.2.4. Orthography and phonetics 213
4.6.3. English orthographic pluricentricity (D. Bunčić) 215
4.6.4. German orthographic pluricentricity (D. Bunčić) 216
4.6.5. Soviet and emigré Russian (D. Bunčić) 219
4.6.6. Catholic and Protestant Upper Sorbian (D. Bunčić) 224
4.6.7. Two schools of Polish orthography (D. Bunčić) 225
4.6.8. Other cases of orthographic pluricentricity (D. Bunčić) 227
4.7. Bigraphism 231
4.7.1. Serbo-Croatian/Serbian: Cyrillic and Latin (D. Bunčić) 231
4.7.1.1. Serbo-Croatian between 1945 and 1991 231
4.7.1.2. Serbian in Serbia and Montenegro after 1991 233
4.7.1.3. Bosnia and Herzegovina after 1995 242
4.7.1.4. Excursus: Psycholinguistic consequences of bigraphism 243
4.7.2. Rusyn: Minority bigraphism (D. Bunčić, A. Rabus) 246
4.7.3. Bigraphism in Africa: Ajami and Latin (H. Pasch) 250
4.7.4. Old Church Slavonic: Glagolitic and Cyrillic (D. Bunčić, A. Rabus) 254
4.7.5. Egyptian (3000 bce to ca. 400 CE) (A. v. Lieven & S. Lippert) 256
4.7.5.1. Scripts and script variants used in ancient Egypt – hieroglyphs, hieratic and demotic 256
4.7.5.2. Ancient Egyptian and classical terminology as indicators for the perception of factors of script choice 260
4.7.5.3. Medial criteria – writing technique and writing surface 265
4.7.5.4. Text purpose 269
4.7.5.5. Associations of certain scripts and script variants with text types or language stages 274
4.7.5.6. Summary 276
4.7.6. Other cases of bigraphism (D. Bunčić) 276
4.8. Biglyphism 282
4.8.1. German: blackletter and roman (J. Spitzmüller, D. Bunčić) 282
4.8.1.1. Blackletter vs. roman: formal differences and typological delimitations 282
4.8.1.2. History of the script variants and emergence of German biscriptality 283
4.8.1.3. When does German biscriptality set in 289
4.8.1.4. Protestantism and the emergence of glyphic ideology 290
4.8.1.5. Biglyphism in German and nationalization of blackletter (1749-1941) 293
4.8.2. Czech: blackletter and roman (D. Bunčić) 300
4.8.3. The Sorbian languages (D. Bunčić) 303
4.8.4. Other cases of biglyphism (D. Bunčić) 305
4.9. Biorthographism 308
4.9.1. Occitan: ‘classical’ and ‘Mistralian’ spelling (C. Weth, D. Bunčić) 308
4.9.1.1. Occitan as a regional language 308
4.9.1.2. The ‘Mistralian’ orthography 310
4.9.1.3. The ‘classical’ orthography 311
4.9.1.4. Factors for script choice 312
4.9.2. Belarusian: Taraškevica and Narkamauka (D. Bunčić) 314
4.9.3. Other cases of biorthographism (D. Bunčić) 317
5. Diachronic observations (D. Bunčić) 321
5.1. Biscriptality in the history of Serbo-Croatian 321
5.2. Biscriptality in the history of Belarusian 324
5.3. Semiotic values ascribed to writing systems 325
5.4. Power relations 330
6. Conclusion (D. Bunčić) 335
6.1. Evaluation of the heuristic model 335
6.2. Relative frequencies of the types of biscriptality 337
6.3. The dynamics of the types of biscriptality 339
6.4. Perspectives 340
Table of figures and their sources 343
Works cited 355
Indexes 403
Index of languages 403
Index of writing systems 407
Index of personal names 413