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New and Old Women

Intergenerationality and Contested Spaces in New Woman and (Anti-)Suffrage Writing

Hofrichter, Maria

Regensburg Studies in Gender and Culture, Bd. 12

2025

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Abstract

The generational divide between ‘new’ and ‘old’ women was a recurring theme in late Victorian and Edwardian literature and culture. This divide not only reinforced a rhetoric of difference but also encouraged discussions about productive exchange and collaboration between women of different age groups. Within the context of a rapidly modernising British society, these intergenerational dynamics were intricately linked to broader debates surrounding middle-class women’s evolving roles in society and their responsibilities towards their families. Through a comprehensive analysis of periodical and literary writings from the period, this study examines how cultural perceptions of gender, age(ing), and space shaped middle-class women’s aspirations to lead self-determined lives. It also highlights motherhood and the mother-daughter relationship as central tropes of female experience, analysing them against the backdrop of spatial conceptualisations and a renegotiation of female space.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

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Cover Cover
Title 3
Imprint 4
Contents 7
Acknowledgements 9
Introduction 11
1 Social, Medical, and Economic Discourses of Female Age(ing) 23
1.1 Defining the Onset of Old Age 24
1.2 Medical Conceptions of Female Ageing 27
1.3 The Socio-Cultural Roles Available to Older Women 34
2 Providing Room to Grow: Intergenerational Conflict and Collaboration in the Periodical Press 47
2.1 Female Desexualisation at Midlife 54
2.2 A New Mode of Spinsterhood 61
2.3 Revolting Daughters and Conservative Mothers 71
2.4 New Versus Old Women 77
2.5 Continuity and Collaboration 82
3 Possessing a Room of One’s Own: Self-Sacrifice and the Reclamation of Space in New Woman Fiction 91
3.1 Visibility in the Public Domain 94
3.2 The Appropriation of Private Space 102
3.3 Confined Spaces and Dysfunctional Mother-Daughter Relationships 107
3.3.1 “Virgin Soil” and the Motif of Entrapment 108
3.3.2 ‘Choos[ing] Rooms for Mother and Me’: ‚Nobody’s Fault’ and the Dutiful Daughter 119
3.3.3 Spatio-Temporal Confinement in ‚The Daughters of Danaus‘ 129
3.3.4 ‚George Mandeville’s Husband‘ and the Subversion of Gendered Space 145
3.4 Intergenerational ‘Dialogue Spaces’: Regeneration and Self-Determination 157
3.4.1 From Pitiable Old Maid to ‘Tenderest Mother’: Surrogate Motherhood in ‚Joanna Traill, Spinster’ 158
3.4.2 Female Self-Realisation and the ‘Secret Chamber’ in ‚The Beth Book’ 169
4 Claiming the Public Sphere: The Fight for the Vote as a Fight across Generations in (Anti-)Suffrage Fiction 187
4.1 Age, Leadership, and Political Power 192
4.2 Staging a Public Performance 202
4.3 ‘Motherhood of the Nation’: Maternal Reformism and Political Activism 207
4.3.1 Maternal Responsibility and Political Commitment in ‚The Home-Breakers‘ 209
4.3.2 ‘Led by the perpetual influence of the older mind’: Inadequate Mother Figures in ‚Delia Blanchflower’ 216
4.4 Maternal Guidance and the Appropriation of Politicised Spaces 227
4.4.1 ‚The Judge‘ and the Adulation of Heroic Mothers 229
4.4.2 The ‘Little Old Lady’ as Political Agent in Ann Veronica and ‚The Call’ 237
4.4.3 Imprisonment and the Maternal Role in ‚No Surrender‘ 254
Conclusion 267
Bibliography 273
Backcover Backcover