BUCH
In Search of a National Identity: Creole and Politics in Guadeloupe
Kreolische Bibliothek, Bd. 19
2025
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Bibliografische Daten
Abstract
Guadeloupe gehört zu den französischen "Altkolonien", die nicht in die Unabhängigkeit entlassen wurden, sondern seit 1946 als "Départements d'outre-mer" ein Teil des Mutterlandes geworden sind. Die Departementalisierung sollte nach der Vorstellung ihrer Verfechter, darunter Aimé Césaire, in eine sprachliche und kulturelle Assimilation an Frankreich einmünden. Die Aufgabe der antillischen Identität und der kreolischen Sprache fand jedoch keineswegs einhellige Zustimmung. Nicht zuletzt bestimmt durch die ausbleibenden wirtschaftlichen und politischen Erfolge der Departementalisierung bildeten sich seit den 1960er Jahren vor allem in Martinique und Guadeloupe Bewegungen zur Rückbesinnung auf die eigene Identität, zuerst als "antillanité", dann als "créolité" bezeichnet, die mit der Aufwertung des Kreolischen, seiner Standardisierung sowie der zunehmenden Verwendung im öffentlichen Leben einhergehen. Diese Studie über das "mouvement créole" in Guadeloupe ab den 1970er Jahren erhält besondere Aktualität vor dem Hintergrund der z.T. sehr polemisch geführten Debatte, die 2001 durch die Einführung eines Examens für Kreolischlehrer im Sekundarbereich in Frankreich und in den Überseedepartements ausgelöst wurde. Damit wurde der Forderung Rechnung getragen, das Kreolische den anderen Regionalsprachen in Frankreich im Erziehungswesen gleichzustellen. "Schnepel's fascinating account is a must read for anyone concerned with Language politics in the French Caribbean. It will be of a great interest to many others as well, including those who study Language politics and Language planning in general, Language revival, and Caribbean literature of French expression." aus: Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 21:2 (2006)
Inhaltsverzeichnis
| Zwischenüberschrift | Seite | Aktion | Preis |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cover | U1 | ||
| Contents | V | ||
| Acknowledgments | IX | ||
| Map of the Caribbean | XII | ||
| Map of Guadeloupe | XIII | ||
| Glossary of Acronyms and Abbreviations | XIV | ||
| Quotations on Language | XVII | ||
| Introduction-Political Assimilation and Identity: A Paradox in the French Antilles | 1 | ||
| Why Guadeloupe? | 6 | ||
| Organization of the Work | 12 | ||
| Chapter 1 - Language and Nationalism: The Approach | 15 | ||
| 1.1 Languages in Contact: Minority Languages and Linguistic Rights | 17 | ||
| 1.2 Ethnic Movements, Nationalism, and Language Revival: Language as an Issue of Political and Cultural Struggle | 20 | ||
| 1.3 The Instrumental Rule of Language and Linguistic Choices in Language Promotion | 27 | ||
| 1.4 Language Promotion, Class Interests, and Power | 34 | ||
| 1.5 Methodology of the Study | 35 | ||
| Chapter 2 - The Island Context | 39 | ||
| 2.1 Early History and Settlement | 40 | ||
| 2.2 Patterns of Stratification | 42 | ||
| 2.3 The Labor Crisis and Immigration | 45 | ||
| 2.4 20th Century Immigration: Overseas and Inter-Caribbean | 47 | ||
| 2.5 Social and Economic Consequences of Departmentalization | 50 | ||
| 2.6 Conclusion: Contradictions within the Social System of Guadeloupe | 55 | ||
| Chapter 3 -Creole in Guadeloupe | 57 | ||
| 3.1 What Is Creole? | 58 | ||
| 3.2 Early Chroniclers' Mention of Creole | 60 | ||
| 3.3 Brief History of Creole in Guadeloupe | 63 | ||
| 3.4 Departmentalization and Its Consequences for Language Usage | 66 | ||
| 3.5 Early Interest in Creole: ACRA and the Generation of La Revue Guade- /oupeenne | 71 | ||
| 3 .6 The Beginnings of a New Discourse on Culture | 77 | ||
| Chapter 4 - The Creole Movement: An Ideology of Language Is Infused in the Nationalist Movement | 81 | ||
| 4.1 The Anticolonialist Movement in Guadeloupe and the Appropriation of Creole by the Nationalists | 81 | ||
| 4.2 The Creole Pressure Groups | 85 | ||
| Gerard Lauriette and a Creole Pedagogy | 85 | ||
| Dany Behel-Gisler and the Centre Bwadoubout | 88 | ||
| Pere Celeste and the Christians for an Independent Guadeloupe (KPLG) | 91 | ||
| Jean Bernabe and the GEREC | 93 | ||
| The SGEG, the Nationalist Teachers' Union | 99 | ||
| The UPLG, the First Nationalist Political Party | 104 | ||
| Hector Poullet, Sylviane Telchid, and the Association KREY: Literary Production in Creole | 7 | ||
| Guy and Marie-Christine Hazai!l-Massieux and the Universite de Provence, France | 111 | ||
| 4.3 Conclusion | 114 | ||
| Chapter 5 - Conflict in the Capesterre School | 117 | ||
| 5.1 The Context of Capesterre Belle-Eau | 7 | ||
| 5.2 The Creole Story in Capesterre | 121 | ||
| 5.3 The Response of the French Government and the Louisiana Declaration of May 1983 | 125 | ||
| 5.4 The "Official" Introduction of Creole in the Capesterre School | 126 | ||
| 5.5 The Anti-Creole Discourse | 129 | ||
| 5.5.1 Popular Attitudes towards Creole | 129 | ||
| 5.5.2 Language Variation and Its Relationship to the Standardization ofCreole | 131 | ||
| 5.5.3 The Status and Role of Creole | 132 | ||
| 5.5.4 The Qualifications of the Creole Partisans | 134 | ||
| 5.5.5 The Relationship between Creole and Island Political Status | 136 | ||
| 5.6 Cleavages beyond the School Boundaries | 136 | ||
| 5.7 The Issue of Teacher Training and the DULCC | 139 | ||
| 5.8 The Significance of the Capesterre Conflict | 141 | ||
| Chapter 6 - Creole Turf Wars and the Media | 144 | ||
| 6.1 The Media in Guadeloupe | 145 | ||
| 6.2 The "Poullet Dictionary" | 149 | ||
| 6.3 The Formation of Bannzil Kreyol | 154 | ||
| 6.4 The Observance of "Joune Entenasyonnal Kreyol" in Guadeloupe on October 28th, 1984 | 157 | ||
| 6.5 The Treatment in the Press of "Joune Entenasyonnal Kreyol" | 159 | ||
| 6.6 Issues Highlighted in the Press | 167 | ||
| 6.7 Conclusion | 171 | ||
| Chapter 7 - Party Politics and the Language Issue | 173 | ||
| 7.1 Political Parties in Guadeloupe in the 1980s: A Brief Synopsis | 173 | ||
| 7.2 Party Positions on the Language Question | 179 | ||
| 7.2.1 The lndipendantiste Parties: A Pro-Creole Stance | 180 | ||
| 7.2.2 The Revolutionary Communist Parties: Creole as a Non-Issue | 185 | ||
| 7.2.3 The Traditional Left: The View from France | 187 | ||
| 7.2.4 The Socialist Party: Local Constraints | 190 | ||
| 7.2.5 The Guadeloupean Communist Party: Ambivalence Towards Creole | 191 | ||
| 7.2.6 The Right: Unity in Rejecting Creole as a Regional Language | 197 | ||
| 7.3 The Spectrum of Party Positions on Creole | 200 | ||
| 7.4 Conclusion | 202 | ||
| Chapter 8 - In the Guise of a Conclusion: Nationalism and Identity Politics | 205 | ||
| 8.1 The Politicization of the Language-and-Culture Issue in Guadeloupe | 207 | ||
| 8.2 Identity Politics and the Racialization of Culture | 213 | ||
| 8.3 Pan-Creole versus Balkanizing Influences | 218 | ||
| 8.4 A Balance Sheet: Language, "Symbolic Capital", and the Linguistic Market | 220 | ||
| Epilogue - Soti An Sann Tonbi An Difi: Reconciling Guadeloupean Difference with Modernity | 223 | ||
| Part 1 - Political and Economic Developments amidst a Deteriorating Social Climate | 223 | ||
| A Tropical Mesaventure | 223 | ||
| Guadeloupe at the Beginning of a New Millennium | 225 | ||
| A Decade of Political Realignments: "Old Wine in New Bottles" | 229 | ||
| Part 2 - Language Politics in the New Millennium | 233 | ||
| The Creole Issue: From the banalisation du creole in the 1990s to a CAPES creole in 2002 | 233 | ||
| What Language Ideology as a Field oflnquiry Can Contribute to the Creole Debate | 241 | ||
| Conclusion: Difference and Modernity in the French Antilles | 244 | ||
| Appendices | 246 | ||
| Sample Texts in Guadeloupean Creole Using the Proposed Writing Systems | 246 | ||
| Table 12 - Four Creole Alphabets Compared | 250 | ||
| Political Cartoons by Sinaray | 253 | ||
| Bibliography | 258 |
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